DANB General Chairside Practice Test

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Which substance is added to a local anesthetic agent to extend its effectiveness?

Epinephrine
Hydrochloric acid
Adrenaline
Nitrous oxide

The correct answer is: Epinephrine

Epinephrine is commonly added to local anesthetic agents to prolong their effectiveness. By causing vasoconstriction, epinephrine reduces blood flow to the area where the anesthetic has been administered. This slower absorption into the systemic circulation allows the anesthetic to remain effective at the injection site for a longer period of time, providing prolonged pain relief during dental procedures. Additionally, the vasoconstrictive properties of epinephrine help decrease the potential for bleeding in the area, enhancing the field of operation for dental professionals. While adrenaline is actually another term for epinephrine and could be seen in some contexts as correct, it is important to recognize that hydrochloric acid and nitrous oxide do not serve to extend the effectiveness of local anesthetics. Hydrochloric acid is typically used to stabilize the pH of the anesthetic solution, while nitrous oxide is a completely different analgesic used to manage anxiety and pain but does not have a role in prolonging the effect of local anesthetics.